[181] After 1969, a process of "reverse leverage" set in, when Mohammad Reza began to dictate to the United States as the Americans needed him more than he needed the Americans. 292–293, Seven Events That Made America America, By, Islam and Politics, John L. Esposito, p. 212. A car picked him up at midnight and drove him to the palace. His regime's changes focused on the civil sphere, and private-oriented family law remained restrictive, although the 1967 and 1975 Family Protection Laws attempted to reform this trend. [233] The fact that the BBC's journalists tended to be very sympathetic towards the revolution was viewed by most Iranians, including Mohammad Reza, as a sign that Britain was supporting the revolution. An image of the imperial crown was included in every official state document and symbol, from the badges of the armed forces to paper money and coinage. Mohammad Reza was born along with his twin sister, Ashraf. [271] In 1974, Mohammad Reza learned from his French doctors that he was suffering from the cancer that was to kill him six years later. Kategorie Mohammad Reza Pahlavi: Některá data mohou pocházet z datové položky. [314] In his 1961 book Mission for My Country, Mohammad Reza wrote: From the time I was six or seven, I have felt that perhaps there is a supreme being, who is guiding me. The Shah was the first regional leader to recognise the State of Israel as a de facto state. A deposed Mosaddegh was arrested and tried. [292], The only consolation for Mohammad Reza during his time in Panama were letters from Princess Soraya saying that she still loved him and wanted to see him one last time before he died. "[139] The Shah wrote back, addressing Khomeini as Hojat-al Islam rather than as Ayatollah, declining his request. On 19 August 1953, pro-Shah partisans—bribed with $100,000 in CIA funds—finally appeared and marched out of south Tehran into the city centre, where others joined in. One day, he was full of verve and optimism and the next day or hour he fell into a catatonic stupor," bringing the entire government to a halt. Gholam Reza Afkhami, The Life and Times of the Shah, University of California Press, January 2009. Milani noted that neither admitted it was the Shah's "crass infidelities" that caused this issue. He lay down on the seat and covered himself with a blanket as guards waved his driver through the gates. "[218] In May 1978, the Shah suddenly cancelled a long planned trip to Hungary and Bulgaria and disappeared from view. [153], Mohammad Reza commissioned a documentary from the French film-maker Albert Lamorisse meant to glorify Iran under his rule. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, p. 390. It was one-foot long, literally the size of a football. [47] In line with this suggestion, Mohammad Reza and Princess Fawzia married. Discontent with his policies sparked rioting, allowing Ruhollah Khomeini to assume control in February 1979. [138] Afterwards, Mohammad Reza visited London. His dream of what he referred to as a "Great Civilization" (Persian: تمدن بزرگ‎, romanized: tamadon-e bozorg) in Iran led to a rapid industrial and military modernization, as well as economic and social reforms. During that time two monarchs — Reza Shah Pahlavi and his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi — employed secret police, torture, and executions to stifle political dissent. [272], Some achievements of the Shah—such as broadened education—had unintended consequences. [20] At his father's coronation on 24 April 1926, Mohammad Reza was proclaimed Crown Prince. Ghotbzadeh requested that the CIA kill the Shah while he was in Panama. [47] Reza Shah did not participate in the ceremony. First he flew to Aswan, Egypt, where he received a warm and gracious welcome from President Anwar El-Sadat. He then sought treatment in Mexico. [72] However, the Pishevari regime remained in power in Tabriz, and Mohammad Reza sought to undercut Qavam's attempts to make an agreement with Pishevari as way of getting rid of both. [315], In his biography of the Shah, Marvin Zonis has argued that Mohammad Reza really believed in these claims of divine support. Besides the probable obstruction – he now had been deeply jaundiced for six to eight weeks – he was emaciated and suffering from hard tumor nodes in the neck and a swollen spleen, signs that his cancer was worsening, and he had severe anemia and very low white blood counts. However, he and his supporters argued that the celebrations opened new investments in Iran, improved relationships with the other leaders and nations of the world, and provided greater recognition of Iran. [157] The message was further reinforced the next day when the "Parade of Persian History" was performed at Persepolis when 6,000 soldiers dressed in the uniforms of every dynasty from the Achaemenids to the Pahlavis marched past Mohammad Reza in a grand parade that many contemporaries remarked "surpassed in sheer spectacle the most florid celluloid imaginations of Hollywood epics". "[332] Despite this, the royal family's wealth can be seen as one of the factors behind the Iranian revolution. They were enraged that the referendum approving of the White Revolution in 1963 allowed women to vote, with the Ayatollah Khomeini saying in his sermons that the fate of Iran should never be allowed to be decided by women. [57] The main Soviet interest in 1941 was to ensure political stability to ensure Allied supplies, which meant accepting the throne. Mohammad Reza then replaced his father on the throne (September 16, 1941). On 1 May 1974, French Professor Georges Flandrin flew into Tehran to treat the Shah. [247] For Mohammad Reza this announcement was the final blow, and he was convinced that the Western leaders were holding the meeting to discuss how best to abandon him.[248]. [62], In 1942, Mohammad Reza met Wendell Willkie, the Republican candidate for the U.S. presidency in the 1940 election who was now on a world tour for President Roosevelt to promote his "one world" policy; Willkie took him flying for the first time. While school attendance rose (by 1966 the school attendance of urban seven- to fourteen-year-olds was estimated at 75.8%), Iran's labour market could not absorb a high number of educated youth. He has no moral courage and succumbs easily to fear". [124] A sign of Mohammad Reza's power came in 1959 when a British company won a contract with the Iranian government that was suddenly cancelled and given to Siemens instead. [40] The Crown Prince liked Perron so much that when he returned to Iran in 1936, he brought Perron back with him, installing his best friend in the Marble Palace. [337], Mohammad Reza was Sovereign of many orders in Iran, and received honours and decorations from around the world. They roamed Tehran, raising red flags and pulling down statues of Reza Shah. [184], As a way of increasing pressure on Baghdad, the peshmerga had been encouraged by Iran and the U.S. to abandon guerrilla war for conventional war in April 1974, so the years 1974–75 saw the heaviest fighting between the Iraqi Army and the peshmerga. However, Shams, Mohammad Reza, Ashraf, Ali Reza, and their older half-sister, Fatemeh, were born as non-royals, as their father did not become Shah until 1925. [289], He left the United States on 15 December 1979 and lived for a short time in the Isla Contadora in Panama. Then they loved Iranians.[195]. "[79], Mohammad Reza often spoke of women as sexual objects who existed only to gratify him, which led to his 1973 exchange with Fallaci, who vehemently objected to his attitudes towards women. He was born with a twin sister, Ashraf Pahlavi. [76] By this time, Fawzia had returned to Egypt, and despite efforts to have King Farouk persuade her to return to Iran she refused to go, which led Mohammad Reza to divorce her on 17 November 1947. Mohammad Reza Shah took the title Shahanshah ("King of Kings")[2] on 26 October 1967. The assembly deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and amended Iran’s 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi. [169] Mohammad Reza supported the Yemeni royalists against republican forces in the Yemen Civil War (1962–70) and assisted the sultan of Oman in putting down a rebellion in Dhofar (1971). Mohammad Reza loved to support royalty during his time as Shah and one of those who benefitted had been Hassan, who received an interest-free loan of US$110 million from his friend. One cannot erase the memory of Prince Alireza … 401. [194] All of this praise boosted Mohammad Reza's ego, and he went from being a merely narcissistic man to a megalomaniac, believing himself a man chosen by Allah Himself to transform Iran and create the "Great Civilisation. [318], Mohammad Reza inherited the wealth built by his father Reza Shah who preceded him as king of Iran and became known as the richest person in Iran during his reign, with his wealth estimated to be higher than 600 million rials[319] and including vast amounts of land and numerous large estates especially in the province of Mazandaran[320] obtained usually at a fraction of their real price. The Crown Prince confided in amazement to the British Minister that Foroughi "hardly expected any son of Reza Shah to be a civilized human being",[60] but Foroughi successfully derailed thoughts by the Allies to undertake a more drastic change in the political infrastructure of Iran. [106], In the aftermath of the 1953 coup d'état, Mohammad Reza was widely viewed as a figurehead monarch, and General Fazlollah Zahedi, the Prime Minister, saw himself and was viewed by others as the "strong man" of Iran. [336] The first Maserati 5000 GT was named the Shah of Persia, it was built for Mohammad Reza, who had been impressed by the Maserati 3500 and requested Giulio Alfieri, Maserati's chief engineer, to use a modified 5-litre engine from the Maserati 450S on the 3500GT's chassis. [282], On 22 October 1979, President Jimmy Carter reluctantly allowed the Shah into the United States to undergo surgical treatment at the New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center. Opposition against him grew tremendously. The Shah was taken later by U.S. Air Force jet to Kelly Air Force Base in Texas and from there to Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base. That night, however, was terrible. [258][260] Basic functional failures of the regime have also been blamed—economic bottlenecks, shortages and inflation; the regime's over-ambitious economic programme;[261] the failure of its security forces to deal with protests and demonstrations;[262] and the overly centralised royal power structure. The Iranian government demanded his return to Iran, but he stayed in the hospital. 21–29, in: Grigor, Tallinn "Preserving the Antique Modern: Persepolis '71", pp. [278] As many Republicans were attacking the SALT II treaty as an American give-away to the Soviet Union, Carter was anxious to have the endorsement of a Republican elder statesman like Kissinger to fend off this criticism. In October 1960 a third wife, Farah Diba, gave birth to the crown prince, Reza.

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